ECOLOGY PHOTOGRAPHIC         

CYCADS ARE PRIMITIVE GYMNOSPERMS that first appear in the geological record about 170 to 180 million years ago. They were present before the rise of dinosaurs and persist today in limited areas of the world. They can easily be distinguished from other gymnosperms by their compound leaves and palm-like growth habit. The sexes are separate and are pollinated primarily by wind.

These unusual plants are native primarily to Australia, eastern India and Malaysia, eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, southern United States, Mexico, Central America and northeastern South America. Genera included in this group are: Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Chigua, Cycas, Dioon, Encephalartos, Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, Microcycas, Stangeria and Zamia, comprising about 220 species. The term cycad refers generally, and collectively, to all species of these 11 genera. In decline since the Jurassic Period, many are in ornamental or novelty cultivations.

Cycads are mostly endangered through habitat loss, but in recent years over-collecting has also become a concern. Mature or unique specimens can fetch astounding prices. Beyond their aesthetic value for the landscaping industry, they have little other economic impact. They were once used as foodstuffs, but that is no longer common because the seed coats and immature leaves contain carcinogens and neurotoxins. Some yield sago, a starch that is now largely in disfavor because of the carcinogens it contains. Where still used (primarily SE Asia and Indonesia), it takes the form of small whitish, pinkish, or brownish grains that are used in baking. Sago is exported to Europe and America, where it is used mainly for thickening soups and making puddings. In India it is boiled with sugar to make a jelly.

Kaffir bread of the Hottentots is made from seeds of Encephalartos. Seeds of Cycas and Zamia are also reported to be edible. Cycas leaves are dried, dyed and used for decoration.